Imperialism as a Nationalistic Phenomenon

Hayes proclaims that colonialism united countries within themselves by giving them a common goal of power. As examples, he references several physically small yet powerful European countries that colonized many regions in order to raise their homeland's power and status in the world. It pressed a reaction that lead to the desire to maintain or recover national prestige. 

Maximilien Robespierre

Robespierre's name is one of the most notorious France has ever known. In May 1879 Robespierre was elected as deputy of the Estates-General. He was then elected as president of the Jacobin political party.  Due to the Jacobin Political Party, the churches property was taken by the state, the Catholic Clergy lost power. With the church out of power, Robespierre was left with all the power. He demanded that King Louie XVI and Marie Antoinette be beheaded. Under Robespierre's leadership, droves of people suspected of being resistant to the Jacobin party's policies were systematically killed during bloody public executions. He even created a national religion based on deism, "The Cult of the Supreme Being". He sought to use the cult as a tool to unify the masses against the Revolution's enemies. His supporters began to fear for their lives, and his power base quickly dissolved because of his excessive execution demands. Robespierre was banned from France's governing body,the National Convention  and placed under house arrest on July 27, 1794. His followers attempted to free him and failed in their last attempt. Robespierre tried to commit suicide by killing himself only managed to shoot his jaw. A few hours later, he was executed by his own bloody regime, the guillotine. Later on all people suspected of following his rule were executed as well, therefore ending his reign.

Questions for Edmund Burke

1.) What is your opinion on gender equality and where would you place yourself in this?

2.) How would you describe yourself socially among other philosophes ?

3.) For what reason do you believe in capitalism?

4.) What is your belief about the government system?

King Louis XIV

Louis XIV was the son of Louis XIII and the Spanish Queen Anee of Austria. He was known as The Sun KingTook the thrown and became the King of France in 1643. He ruled until 1715. In a series of wars between 1667 to 1697, he extended the eastern borders of France and in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714, he engaged in a hostile European coalition in order to secure the Spanish thrown for his grandson. He was demonstrating the political boundaries of France and his supreme power. He tried to govern his people under the capital, Versailles, so in a way they didn't have to govern so many different locations and keep control of all these posts. He supported the system of government called Absolutism. This system meant that he was always right and basically stated that what he wanted/said had to be accepted. Although Louis XIV ruled for a long time and had plenty of control, when he died France got in great debt. He was remembered for his leadership, forcefulness, domination, and war skills. As a result, King Louis XIV was the greatest King France has ever had.

Red Fort of Agra

The Fort of Agra is of great architectural importance. Built in the Mughal emperor, Akbar, it started construction in 1654. Made of red sandstone, the fort was used for both military strategic uses and a royal residence. Two gates demonstrate the separation of the two. The Delhi Gate is used for the Indian army which was blocked off for general use. The Amar Singh gate was accessible for commoners and the emperors. Palaces were later added into the fort by next generations of the Mughal Empire like Jahangir and Shahjahan. Spans 2.5 km like the Taj Mahal. It was practically known as the most essential part of the Mughal Kingdom.

Architectural(Art/Social):

The look inside of the fort is of all different styles. It was made to embrace different styles and looks of countries. For example the Jahangiri Palace built inside by Akbar, is a blend of Islamic, Persian, and different local Hindu styles. This shows the intentions taken to embody the difference in diversity of the people. These mixed styles conformed to not only the Islamic style but of other backgrounds. Will Miller demonstrates how the red fort stands for the sinking of Islamic and Hindu faiths. He is trying to establish that the Mughal's were making in effort to expand their usage of diversity and incorporate the lifestyle of different people into the Fort's architecture.

Location(Economic/Wealth):

The Red Fort of Agra is located on the banks of the Yamuha River. The fort is surrounded by a 70 ft high wall which was used as protection from attack. For the reason that they had a river and a high wall, it increased the though of wealth and military uses because the army would have a way to protect themselves as well a water too us for food or trade. The river could have taken them to the see and it was a way of using trade on their own land to expand into new territory.

Diversity

In which ways do the three primary Islamic empires tolerate diversity and in which ways do they seek to eradicate or stifle diversity? And is there a qualitative difference between religious and ethnic tolerance?

All three empires encountered diversity in very different ways. Their viewpoints of religion and society as a whole varied depending on the leader at the time. The Mughals were the best of the three empires in changing up the ways of society. They found it in their best interest to create a new religion all made up of Muslims and Hindus. It was quite considerate of them to make this happen because their empire was in India, but the Mughals were Muslim. By working together they made it so that both sides were satisfied because there wasn't one superior religion, but a equally put together community. This is so significant because it was a way of letting the people keep their traditions and beliefs with out depriving them of their rights and keeping the empire united as a whole.

The Ottoman Empire was sort of following the Mughals, yet they did not create a religion to satisfy their followers. They were quite tolerant of the diversity with in the empire, but what was quite shocking about this was that they used Jizya, a tax for non-muslims, to set their mark. Kidnapping children and stuff along the lines of that to show their dominance expressed a lack of protection for their people. Being a very large empire I understand how they needed to set down laws and with their interest in expansion, they needed to keep all under control, but yet I see that this so call "tolerance" was quite intolerable. Although the ottomans did have a vast land to rule and protect i do not see that they were fully tolerant of diversity for the manner they handled their actions of expansion and superiority.

The Safavid Empire was the most different of all. I do not find that they were very into diversity because they tried converting all their people to Shi'a Islam. It is like they did not care for the religion everyone else followed and for all they cared, the people could just throw their beliefs out the door. They did wrong in using force to rule their empire because most of the people were muslim so it was like ripping out ones whole religious beliefs and trying to program them into another religion. The only good that came in their converting everyone to Shi'a Islam was that they tried to have people of all backgrounds and religions. This could be good but in a way it was non profitable or rewarding because when one wanted to practice rituals and recite things, they could face serious consequences if caught. This showed great intolerance for people who were non-muslim and really demonstrated the lack of equality, tolerance, or respect they had for the people.

Intolerance toward Muslims

How does the dress code in France and the modern world affect Muslim appearance and demonstrate Intolerance?

This question is a very important issue today because Intolerance affects many people of all racial backgrounds with tan or dark skin. Intolerance is not only expressed to people of different ethnicities but to social or religious citizens of the world. Muslims are discriminated for both their appearance and dress attire. Muslims and people of all colors can wear a head dress, turban or loose clothing and be judged for their choice in the way they dress. In this decade, strong believers of faith have been persecuted for not fitting in with society and its surroundings, otherwise known as the norm. Although this does not occur everywhere in the world, we are emphasizing hatred and discrimination towards people's beliefs and right to be themselves. I find that there is a lack in society voicing their beliefs and being forced to hide from the reality of not just life but their own beliefs. People of non religious background are known for complaining about the difference in the way we al look. If only we people could see through our ways or stop being bystanders and stand up for those who are "picked on", we could solve our intolerance and persecution on innocent citizens to make a more accepting world.