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Joseph Marie de Maistre is a strong opposer of the European Enlightenment. He was born in 1753 and died in 1821. Maistre's family was one of the leading families of Chambéry, Savory in Sardinia. Maistre was a writer about anti-enlightenment. He published 13 volumes of various writing that explained what is wrong with the enlightenment.

Considerations on France was Joseph-Marie de Maistre's first main work. Considerations on France says that a constitution does not explain people's rights. It says that Rights are from people's political tradition. If people do not have this tradition, no constitution would change their actions. His work also says that the Church is the most motivating and effective way to civilize people.

Overall, Maistre's ideas were that a country's constitution should not be written, but instead be instilled upon citizens over time. Based on people's previous actions and surroundings, they will decide what they are allowed to and what is logical for the situation. His Catholic Church bias often influenced his ideas on religion and how countries should be run.